A multi-factor path analysis of visual comfort in classrooms: integrating daylighting, design, and occupant preferences

Classroom design significantly influences occupants’ visual comfort by shaping lighting and thermal conditions. This study investigates factors affecting visual comfort in university classrooms at the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) in Al Ain, UAE, focusing on elements such as daylight access, lighting quality, window characteristics, glare sensation, and thermal satisfaction. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the relationships between Overall Visual Comfort and key variables using path coefficients, standard deviations, t-statistics, and p-values. The model demonstrated strong explanatory power with an R² value of 0.77. Notably, lighting perception and window-related parameters were positively associated with visual comfort (β = 0.640 and β = 0.523), while glare sensation had a negative association (β = -0.269). These findings underscore the need to optimize daylight access, reduce glare, and enhance window design. The study offers a valuable framework for improving classroom environments to support comfort and academic performance.