Activation of antioxidant enzymes utilizing macro-or micronutrients and phytohormones or signaling molecules

Environmental conditions brought on by climate change have a detrimental impact on crop yields worldwide. Plants are sedentary; therefore, biotic stressors like viruses and parasites, as well as abiotic stressors such as drought, salt, temperature fluctuations, nutritional deficiencies, and heavy metal toxicity, cause issues for them. These external stressors frequently upset cellular equilibrium, resulting in an excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and osmotic stress. Oxidative stress can hinder plant growth by restricting photosynthesis, membrane functionality. Severe cases of programmed cell death caused by oxidative stress negatively impact the health and productivity of plants. High levels of ROS disturb the redox balance and metabolic pathways, weaken a plant's physiological resilience, and increase its vulnerability to environmental factors. Plants possess an antioxidant defense system that counteracts oxidative damage. Phytohormones and various macro or micro nutrients further facilitate the antioxidants defense mechanisms. Thus, it is crucial to understand their interactive effects to tackle the harsh environmental stress conditions.