Advancement of nanoparticles in blood flow with non-linear radiation and optimisation of irreversibility within the microchannel using analysis of variance and Taguchi approach

Nanoparticles in blood flow play a pivotal role because of their extensive use in biomedicine, tissue engineering, and blood coagulation. Gold and Zinc nanoparticles have been proven to be stable and non-toxic to humans. Also, gold nanoparticles are biocompatible with less cytotoxicity, which makes them best suited for therapeutic drug delivery. Both gold and zinc nanoparticles in the blood are allowed to flow through an inclined microchannel, anticipating the couple stresses experienced by the fluid particles. The non-linear radiation and heat source components are contemplated in the study. The modelled equations are solved numerically with the aid of the finite difference technique. Analysis of variance and Taguchi optimization technique are applied to the entropy generated during the flow in the system. This method has proposed the optimal values for the parameters to achieve the least entropy. Outcomes have reported that as the effects of couple stress inverse parameter increase, the velocity of the fluid increase. Additionally, the flow profiles show an increase over time. The thermal field increases with the convection-radiation parameter, and declines with an increasing nanoparticle volume fraction. We observe an increase in irreversibility with enhanced radiation and the temperature difference parameter. The nanofluid phase's velocity and temperature are high in comparison to the hybrid nanofluid phase. The ANOVA-Taguchi method reveal that the couple stress inverse parameter has a 0.5 % impact, whereas the temperature gradient parameter has the highest impact on entropy generation, which is 56.14 %. Manipulation of the temperature gradient parameter is critical in regulating the irreversibility generated in the channel.