Advances in structural modification of perovskite semiconductors for visible light assisted photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to renewable solar fuels: A review

Excessive use of fossil fuels has led to a rapid increase in CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere, which remains a major effect on environmental destruction, and the depletion of energy sources. In recent years, photocatalytic CO₂ reduction has received much interest, because of its ability to reduce CO₂ emissions, while also producing fuels and valuable chemicals. Among the different semiconductor photocatalysts that can convert CO₂ under direct sunlight or visible light, perovskite oxides are arguably the most promising due to their high catalyst activity, good stability, long diffusion length, and compositional flexibility that permits the accurate band gap and band edge tuning, along with the easy-to-prepared.In this review, recent developments in structure of perovskite as a photocatalyst have been investigated due to their promising photochemical and textural properties for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. The primary objective is to investigate the fundamentals of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction using perovskite photocatalysts, including the principle, thermodynamics, and mechanism. The selection and classification of perovskites and their role in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction have also been discussed. In the mainstream, this review is focused particularly on the classification of perovskite with clarification of each way separately for solar energy-assisted photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. Different modification approaches are also discussed including heterojunction construction, Z-scheme systems, and the development of photocatalytic stages. Finally, this review provides future perspectives of perovskite photocatalysts for solar energy-assisted up-gradation of the CO₂ conversion process to solar fuels.