Biophysical determinants of front-crawl swimming at moderate and severe intensities

Purpose: To conduct a biophysical analysis of the factors associated with front-crawl performance at moderate and severe swimming intensities, represented by anaerobic-threshold (vAnT) and maximal-oxygen-uptake (vVO₂max) velocities. Methods: Ten high-level swimmers performed 2 intermittent incremental tests of 7 × 200 and 12 × 25 m (through a system of underwater push-off pads) to assess vAnT, and vVO₂max, and power output. The 1st protocol was videotaped (3D reconstruction) for kinematic analysis to assess stroke frequency (SF), stroke length (SL), propelling effciency (η_P), and index of coordination (IdC). VO₂ was measured and capillary blood samples (lactate concentrations) were collected, enabling computation of metabolic power. The 2nd protocol allowed calculating mechanical power and performance effciency from the ratio of mechanical to metabolic power. Results: Neither vAnT nor vVO₂max was explained by SF (0.56 ± 0.06 vs 0.68 ± 0.06 Hz), SL (2.29 ± 0.21 vs 2.06 ± 0.20 m), ηP (0.38 ± 0.02 vs 0.36 ± 0.03), IdC (-12.14 ± 5.24 vs-9.61 ± 5.49), or metabolic-power (1063.00 ± 122.90 vs 1338.18 ± 127.40 W) variability. vVO₂max was explained by power to overcome drag (r =.77, P ≤.05) and η_P (r =.72, P ≤.05), in contrast with the nonassociation between these parameters and vAnT; both velocities were well related (r =.62, P ≤.05). Conclusions: The biomechanical parameters, coordination, and metabolic power seemed not to be performance discriminative at either intensity. However, the increase in power to overcome drag, for the less metabolic input, should be the focus of any intervention that aims to improve performance at severe swimming intensity. This is also true for moderate intensities, as vAnT and vVO₂max are proportional to each other.