CEO inside debt and hedging decisions: Lessons from the U.S. banking industry

Theoretical literature (Jensen and Meckling, 1976; Edmans and Liu, 2011) argues that inside debt - pension benefits and deferred compensation - has debt-like payoffs, and can therefore curb executives' excessive risk-taking incentives created by equity holdings. We test this theory in the banking sector by investigating whether CEOs with larger inside debt holdings compared to their equity-based compensation hedge more their banks' interest rate risk. Our results show that CEO inside debt holdings have a positive effect on the extent to which a bank uses interest rate derivatives for hedging purposes, implying that debt-like compensation mitigates bank executives' risk-taking incentives. Our results have important implications for financial regulation attempting to prevent financial crises due, at least partially, to perverse incentives provided to bank executives through compensation.