Challenges and prospectives of energy storage integration in renewable energy systems for net zero transition

The transition to net-zero emissions is a critical global objective, with renewable energy systems (RES) playing a central role in reducing carbon footprints. However, the intermittent nature of renewable sources like solar and wind presents significant challenges to grid stability and reliability. Energy storage systems (ESS) are crucial in overcoming these challenges by enhancing the flexibility and resilience of renewable-powered grids. This review examines the essential role of ESS in bridging the supply-demand gap and improving grid resilience. It explores various storage technologies, including mechanical, electrochemical, electrical, thermal, and hydrogen-based solutions, evaluating their unique contributions to renewable energy integration and grid flexibility. The review also discusses integration strategies for ESS within centralized and decentralized RES configurations, highlighting the importance of advanced grid technologies, virtual power plants (VPPs), and hybrid renewable systems in optimizing renewable energy usage. The paper addresses key technical, economic, policy, and environmental challenges, identifying obstacles and opportunities for scaling energy storage solutions to enhance grid resilience and achieve carbon neutrality. Through case studies and future projections, the review underscores the transformative potential of ESS in ensuring a stable, sustainable energy future. The paper also outlines prospective research directions, such as breakthroughs in battery technologies, AI-driven optimization, and global collaboration, offering guidance for policy, research, and industry initiatives toward energy security.