TY - JOUR
T1 - Clinical diagnostic tools for vitamin D assessment
AU - Shah, Iltaf
AU - Akhtar, M. Kalim
AU - Hisaindee, Soleiman
AU - Rauf, Muhammad A.
AU - Sadig, Mohammed
AU - Ashraf, S. Salman
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors graciously acknowledge the generous funding from United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) to Iltaf Shah. UAEU Start Up Research Funding Grant #31S213 .
Funding Information:
The authors graciously acknowledge the generous funding from United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) to Iltaf Shah. UAEU Start Up Research Funding Grant #31S213.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2018/6
Y1 - 2018/6
N2 - Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in a plethora of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and osteoporosis. Deficiency of this vitamin is a global epidemic affecting both developing and developed nations. Within a clinical context, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of vitamin D is therefore vital. The main metabolic markers for assessing vitamin D status in humans are the hydroxylated forms of vitamin D, 25OHD 3 and 25OHD 2 on account of their long half-lives within the body and excellent stability. An adequate level for healthy individuals of these hydroxylated forms is estimated to be around 20–40 ng/ml of blood. There are three main analytical techniques for determining the levels of 25OHD 3 and 25OHD 2 . The first technique is immunoassay-based and can be performed in a rapid, high throughput, automated manner, allowing as many as 240 tests per hour with the duration of each assay as little as 18 min. Furthermore, it offers excellent sensitivity with a detection range of 3.4–156 ng/ml. A major downside of immunoassays is that they are unable to distinguish between the various forms of vitamin D. While HPLC is a highthroughput low cost instrument it is not a very sensitive technique and cannot quantify the down stream metabolites of vitamin D. The third technique, namely liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/), provides excellent sensitivity with a wide dynamic range from 0.068 pg/ml to 100 ng/ml. Additionally, it offers a high level of separation and permits identification of vitamin D-related metabolites. However, a huge limitation with LC/MS/MS is their poor throughput for sample analyses. As yet, there is no analytical technique which combines the fine detection capabilities of LC/MS/MS and the rapid, automated format of immunoassay, for vitamin D analyses. Future attention therefore needs to be given to this area if the current clinical diagnostic tools for vitamin D analysis are to be further improved.
AB - Vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in a plethora of diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and osteoporosis. Deficiency of this vitamin is a global epidemic affecting both developing and developed nations. Within a clinical context, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of vitamin D is therefore vital. The main metabolic markers for assessing vitamin D status in humans are the hydroxylated forms of vitamin D, 25OHD 3 and 25OHD 2 on account of their long half-lives within the body and excellent stability. An adequate level for healthy individuals of these hydroxylated forms is estimated to be around 20–40 ng/ml of blood. There are three main analytical techniques for determining the levels of 25OHD 3 and 25OHD 2 . The first technique is immunoassay-based and can be performed in a rapid, high throughput, automated manner, allowing as many as 240 tests per hour with the duration of each assay as little as 18 min. Furthermore, it offers excellent sensitivity with a detection range of 3.4–156 ng/ml. A major downside of immunoassays is that they are unable to distinguish between the various forms of vitamin D. While HPLC is a highthroughput low cost instrument it is not a very sensitive technique and cannot quantify the down stream metabolites of vitamin D. The third technique, namely liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/), provides excellent sensitivity with a wide dynamic range from 0.068 pg/ml to 100 ng/ml. Additionally, it offers a high level of separation and permits identification of vitamin D-related metabolites. However, a huge limitation with LC/MS/MS is their poor throughput for sample analyses. As yet, there is no analytical technique which combines the fine detection capabilities of LC/MS/MS and the rapid, automated format of immunoassay, for vitamin D analyses. Future attention therefore needs to be given to this area if the current clinical diagnostic tools for vitamin D analysis are to be further improved.
KW - HPLC
KW - Immunoassays
KW - LC/MS/MS
KW - Vitamin D
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.003
DO - 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.003
M3 - Article
C2 - 28988826
AN - SCOPUS:85033789244
SN - 0960-0760
VL - 180
SP - 105
EP - 117
JO - Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
JF - Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
ER -