Computational and Kinetics analysis of lead ions removal from industrial wastewater through natural bone powder

Background: This study investigates the use of bone powder, derived from animal bones through high-temperature carbonization, for removing lead ions from wastewater. Bone powder's porous structure and high surface area enhance its adsorption capabilities. The research evaluates the efficiency of bone powder under varying pH conditions using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach to simulate the adsorption process, with a focus on improving lead ion removal in wastewater treatment. Method: A CFD model was developed and validated with experimental data to simulate the lead ion removal process. Various pH levels were tested to evaluate adsorption efficiency. Isothermal and kinetic analyses were conducted, with the pseudo-second-order model used to explore adsorption mechanisms. Significant Findings: The highest adsorption occurred at pH 6, with the Jovanovic isotherm model indicating chemisorption as dominant. The pseudo-second-order model suggested both ion exchange and chemisorption, involving electrostatic attraction and chemical bonding. Bone powder proved to be an effective and eco-friendly adsorbent, offering a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. This study enhances the understanding of adsorption dynamics and offers insights into optimizing adsorption efficiency using bone powder.