TY - JOUR
T1 - Deciphering the molecular mechanism responsible for efficiently inhibiting metastasis of human non-small cell lung and colorectal cancer cells targeting the matrix metalloproteinases by selaginella repanda
AU - Adnan, Mohd
AU - Siddiqui, Arif Jamal
AU - Hamadou, Walid Sabri
AU - Snoussi, Mejdi
AU - Badraoui, Riadh
AU - Ashraf, Syed Amir
AU - Jamal, Arshad
AU - Awadelkareem, Amir Mahgoub
AU - Sachidanandan, Manojkumar
AU - Hadi, Sibte
AU - Khan, Mushtaq Ahmad
AU - Patel, Mitesh
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/5
Y1 - 2021/5
N2 - Selaginella species are known to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic as well as anticancer effects. However, no study has examined the cytotoxic and antimetastatic efficacy of Selaginella repanda (S. repanda) to date. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-metastatic properties of ethanol crude extract of S. repanda in human non-small-cell lung (A-549) and colorectal cancer (HCT-116) cells with possible mechanisms. Effect of S. repanda crude extract on the growth, adhesion, migration and invasion of the A-549 and HCT-116 were investigated. We demonstrated that S. repanda crude extract inhibited cell growth of metastatic cells in a dose and time dependent manner. Incubation of A-549 and HCT-116 cells with 100–500 µg/mL of S. repanda crude extract significantly inhibited cell adhesion to gelatin coated surface. In the migration and invasion assay, S. repanda crude extract also significantly inhibited cellular migration and invasion in both A-549 and HCT-116 cells. Moreover, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and realtime PCR (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the activity and mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1MMP) were inhibited. While the activity of tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1); an inhibitor of MMPs was stimulated by S. repanda crude extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, the present study not only indicated the inhibition of motility and invasion of malignant cells by S. repanda, but also revealed that such effects were likely associated with the decrease in MMP-2/-9 expression of both A-549 and HCT-116 cells. This further suggests that S. repanda could be used as a potential source of anti-metastasis agent in pharmaceutical development for cancer therapy.
AB - Selaginella species are known to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic as well as anticancer effects. However, no study has examined the cytotoxic and antimetastatic efficacy of Selaginella repanda (S. repanda) to date. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-metastatic properties of ethanol crude extract of S. repanda in human non-small-cell lung (A-549) and colorectal cancer (HCT-116) cells with possible mechanisms. Effect of S. repanda crude extract on the growth, adhesion, migration and invasion of the A-549 and HCT-116 were investigated. We demonstrated that S. repanda crude extract inhibited cell growth of metastatic cells in a dose and time dependent manner. Incubation of A-549 and HCT-116 cells with 100–500 µg/mL of S. repanda crude extract significantly inhibited cell adhesion to gelatin coated surface. In the migration and invasion assay, S. repanda crude extract also significantly inhibited cellular migration and invasion in both A-549 and HCT-116 cells. Moreover, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and realtime PCR (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the activity and mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1MMP) were inhibited. While the activity of tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1); an inhibitor of MMPs was stimulated by S. repanda crude extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, the present study not only indicated the inhibition of motility and invasion of malignant cells by S. repanda, but also revealed that such effects were likely associated with the decrease in MMP-2/-9 expression of both A-549 and HCT-116 cells. This further suggests that S. repanda could be used as a potential source of anti-metastasis agent in pharmaceutical development for cancer therapy.
KW - Colorectal cancer
KW - Gene expression
KW - Matrix metalloproteins
KW - Metastasis
KW - Non-small cell lung cancer
KW - Selaginella repanda
KW - Tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85105734601&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85105734601&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/plants10050979
DO - 10.3390/plants10050979
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85105734601
SN - 2223-7747
VL - 10
JO - Plants
JF - Plants
IS - 5
M1 - 979
ER -