Diet and Carbohydrate Food Knowledge in Gestational Diabetes: Challenges and Opportunities for Lifestyle Interventions

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is the cornerstone for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). MNT decreases adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Although there is lack of consensus regarding the ideal diet for the management of GDM, a balanced diet providing adequate energy and nutrients to promote optimal nutrition, appropriate weight gain, and improved pregnancy outcomes is recommended. Several studies have reported that certain dietary components and patterns are associated with increased GDM risk, including a “Western” dietary pattern characterized by high consumption of red and processed meat, high consumption of fat from animal sources and low consumption of fruits, vegetables, poultry, and fish. Carbohydrate (CHO) is the primary nutrient affecting postprandial blood glucose levels. Both the amount and type of CHO are important. Some studies have reported beneficial effects of high fiber, low glycemic index foods on blood glucose in GDM. Women with GDM need to be educated about CHO-containing food sources and CHO amounts to consume in meals and snacks in order to achieve optimal glycemic control. Applying behavior change theories in GDM management has the potential to facilitate changes in target nutrition behaviors.