Dual-interface induced bandgap regulated water-based flexible interactive generator

Water-based flexible energy electronics are becoming popular for urgent growing demands of the mixed reality interactive technology and the global energy policy of carbon neutrality. However, traditional water-based energy electronics normally show strong selectivity to certain water physical morphologies. To fabricate water-based interactive electronics with high efficiency and can be applied in wider scenarios, in this study, a dual-interface capacitance theory, with Interface-1: electron-charge layer (ECL) and interface-2: ion- charge layer (ICL), was proposed and verified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis and COMSOL simulation. And accordingly, a charge storage material of bandgap regulated polymethyl methacrylate (T-PMMA) was developed to fabricate a superior water-based flexible interactive generator, which could present a stable surface potential of 429 V for 5000 h at least, and a sliding potential response of saline water droplet up to 3.57 V, compared with 0.1 V for fluoropolymer as reported. Moreover, the practicality of fluorine-free T-PMMA was explored to harvest the water based mechanical energy, including the volatilization energy of water molecule as test paper, the gravitational potential energy of water droplet as artificial leaf, the mechanical kinetic energy of water flow as vascular disease monitor, respectively.