Exploration of water conveying carbon nanotubes, graphene, and copper nanoparticles on impermeable stagnant and moveable walls experiencing variable temperature: thermal analysis

Variability in the temperature of a stagnant and moveable wall is unavoidable in the motion of water-based hybrid nanofluid subject to the heat source on impermeable walls in the industry. However, when the fluid substance is heated exponentially from the wall, nothing is known about the motion of water conveying spherical carbon nanotubes, cylindrical graphene, and platelet copper nanoparticles at different volumes of nanoparticles and levels of buoyancy. The governing equations for the analysis when pressure is constant across the boundary-layer flow and Grashof number is asymptotically large are presented, non-dimensionalized using the appropriate variables, and solved numerically. It is worth concluding that minimal velocity is obtainable when the impermeable surface is stagnant. Reverse is the case as minimal temperature distribution is obtainable when the impermeable surface is moving. Minimal local skin friction coefficients are obtainable when the volume of nanoparticles (i.e., spherical carbon nanotubes, cylindrical graphene, and platelet copper) is sufficiently large as water-based ternary-hybrid nanofluid flows on a stagnant impermeable wall.