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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

  • Mohammad H. Forouzanfar
  • , Ashkan Afshin
  • , Lily T. Alexander
  • , H. Ross Anderson
  • , Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
  • , Stan Biryukov
  • , Michael Brauer
  • , Richard Burnett
  • , Kelly Cercy
  • , Fiona J. Charlson
  • , Aaron J. Cohen
  • , Lalit Dandona
  • , Kara Estep
  • , Alize J. Ferrari
  • , Joseph J. Frostad
  • , Nancy Fullman
  • , Peter W. Gething
  • , William W. Godwin
  • , Max Griswold
  • , Yohannes Kinfu
    • Hmwe H. Kyu, Heidi J. Larson, Xiaofeng Liang, Stephen S. Lim, Patrick Y. Liu, Alan D. Lopez, Rafael Lozano, Laurie Marczak, George A. Mensah, Ali H. Mokdad, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mohsen Naghavi, Bruce Neal, Marissa B. Reitsma, Gregory A. Roth, Joshua A. Salomon, Patrick J. Sur, Theo Vos, Joseph A. Wagner, Haidong Wang, Yi Zhao, Maigeng Zhou, Gunn Marit Aasvang, Amanuel Alemu Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Kaja M. Abbas, Foad Abd-Allah, Abdishakur M. Abdulle, Semaw Ferede Abera, Biju Abraham, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Gebre Yitayih Abyu, Akindele Olupelumi Adebiyi, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Zanfina Ademi, Arsène Kouablan Adou, José C. Adsuar, Emilie Elisabet Agardh, Arnav Agarwal, Anurag Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Oluremi N. Ajala, Tomi F. Akinyemiju, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore K M Alam, Saleh Fahed Aldhahri, Robert William Aldridge, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Raghib Ali, Ala'a Alkerwi, François Alla, Peter Allebeck, Ubai Alsharif, Khalid A. Altirkawi, Elena Alvarez Martin, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T. Amare, Alemayehu Amberbir, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Heresh Amini, Walid Ammar, Stephen Marc Amrock, Hjalte H. Andersen, Benjamin O. Anderson, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Palwasha Anwari, Johan Ärnlöv, Al Artaman, Hamid Asayesh, Rana Jawad Asghar, Reza Assadi, Suleman Atique, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Ashish Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Peter Azzopardi, Umar Bacha, Alaa Badawi, Maria C. Bahit, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Aleksandra Barac, Ryan M. Barber, Suzanne L. Barker-Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Simon Barquera, Lars Barregard, Lope H. Barrero, Sanjay Basu, Carolina Batis, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin Beardsley, Neeraj Bedi, Ettore Beghi, Michelle L. Bell, Aminu K. Bello, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Adugnaw Berhane, Eduardo Bernabé, Balem Demtsu Betsu, Addisu Shunu Beyene, Neeraj Bhala, Anil Bhansali, Samir Bhatt, Sibhatu Biadgilign, Boris Bikbov, Donal Bisanzio, Espen Bjertness, Jed D. Blore, Rohan Borschmann, Soufiane Boufous, Rupert R A Bourne, Michael Brainin, Alexandra Brazinova, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Hermann Brenner, David M. Broday, Traolach S. Brugha, Bert Brunekreef, Zahid A. Butt, Leah E. Cahill, Bianca Calabria, Ismael Ricardo Campos-Nonato, Rosario Cárdenas, David O. Carpenter, Daniel C. Casey, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo Rivas, Ruben Estanislao Castro, Ferrán Catalá-López, Jung Chen Chang, Peggy Pei Chia Chiang, Mirriam Chibalabala, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe Chisumpa, Abdulaal A. Chitheer, Jee Young Jasmine Choi, Hanne Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas Christopher, Liliana G. Ciobanu, Matthew M. Coates, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Leslie Trumbull Cooper, Kimberly Cooperrider, Leslie Cornaby, Monica Cortinovis, John A. Crump, Lucia Cuevas-Nasu, Albertino Damasceno, Rakhi Dandona, Sarah C. Darby, Paul I. Dargan, José das Neves, Adrian C. Davis, Kairat Davletov, E. Filipa de Castro, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Diego De Leo, Louisa Degenhardt, Liana C. Del Gobbo, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Robert P. Dellavalle, Amare Deribew, Don C Des Jarlais, Samath D. Dharmaratne, Preet K. Dhillon, Cesar Diaz-Torné, Daniel Dicker, Eric L. Ding, E. Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tim R. Driscoll, Leilei Duan, Manisha Dubey, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Iqbal Elyazar, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Holly E. Erskine, Babak Eshrati, Alireza Esteghamati, Saman Fahimi, Emerito Jose Aquino Faraon, Talha A. Farid, Carla Sofia e Sa Farinha, André Faro, Maryam S. Farvid, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L. Feigin, Seyed Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson G. Fernandes, Florian Fischer, Joseph R A Fitchett, Tom Fleming, Nataliya Foigt, Kyle Foreman, F. Gerry R Fowkes, Richard C. Franklin, Thomas Fürst, Neal D. Futran, Emmanuela Gakidou, Alberto L. Garcia-Basteiro, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Bradford D. Gessner, Ababi Zergaw Giref, Maurice Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo Gishu, Shifalika Goenka, Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Hector Gomez-Dantes, Philimon Gona, Amador Goodridge, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Carolyn C. Gotay, Atsushi Goto, Hebe N. Gouda, Harish Chander Gugnani, Francis Guillemin, Yuming Guo, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Reyna A. Gutiérrez, Juanita A. Haagsma, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz Haile, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Yara A. Halasa, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Alexis J. Handal, Graeme J. Hankey, Yuantao Hao, Hilda L. Harb, Sivadasanpillai Harikrishnan, Josep Maria Haro, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Tahir Ahmed Hassen, Rasmus Havmoeller, Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Norberto Francisco Hernández-Llanes, Pouria Heydarpour, Hans W. Hoek, Howard J. Hoffman, Masako Horino, Nobuyuki Horita, H. Dean Hosgood, Damian G. Hoy, Mohamed Hsairi, Aung Soe Htet, Guoqing Hu, John J. Huang, Abdullatif Husseini, Sally J. Hutchings, Inge Huybrechts, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Bulat T. Idrisov, Bogdan Vasile Ileanu, Manami Inoue, Troy A. Jacobs, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Nader Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B. Jakovljevic, Henrica A F M Jansen, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mehdi Javanbakht, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Sun Ha Jee, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Vivekanand Jha, Ying Jiang, Tariku Jibat, Ye Jin, Catherine O. Johnson, Jost B. Jonas, Zubair Kabir, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Ritul Kamal, Haidong Kan, André Karch, Corine Kakizi Karema, Chante Karimkhani, Amir Kasaeian, Anil Kaul, Norito Kawakami, Dhruv S. Kazi, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Andrew Haddon Kemp, Andre Pascal Kengne, Andre Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh Khader, Abdur Rahman Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Young Ho Khang, Shahab Khatibzadeh, Sahil Khera, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer Khoja, Jagdish Khubchandani, Christian Kieling, Cho il Kim, Daniel Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Niranjan Kissoon, Miia Kivipelto, Luke D. Knibbs, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Jacek A. Kopec, Parvaiz A. Koul, Ai Koyanagi, Michael Kravchenko, Hans Kromhout, Hans Krueger, Tiffany Ku, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Ricardo S. Kuchenbecker, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Ernst J. Kuipers, G. Anil Kumar, Gene F. Kwan, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Qing Lan, Anders Larsson, Asma Abdul Latif, Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Janet L. Leasher, James Leigh, Janni Leung, Miriam Levi, Xiaohong Li, Yichong Li, Juan Liang, Shiwei Liu, Belinda K. Lloyd, Giancarlo Logroscino, Paulo A. Lotufo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Michael MacIntyre, Mahdi Mahdavi, Marek Majdan, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Wondimu Ayele Ayele Manamo, Chabila C. Mapoma, Wagner Marcenes, Randall V. Martin, Jose Martinez-Raga, Felix Masiye, Kunihiro Matsushita, Richard Matzopoulos, Bongani M. Mayosi, John J. McGrath, Martin McKee, Peter A. Meaney, Catalina Medina, Alem Mehari, Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez, Alemayehu B. Mekonnen, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Gert B M Mensink, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Yonatan Moges Mesfin, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Ted R. Miller, Edward J. Mills, Mojde Mirarefin, Awoke Misganaw, Charles N. Mock, Alireza Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Glen Liddell D Mola, Lorenzo Monasta, Julio Cesar Montañez Hernandez, Marcella Montico, Lidia Morawska, Rintaro Mori, Dariush Mozaffarian, Ulrich O. Mueller, Erin Mullany, John Everett Mumford, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana Murthy, Jean B. Nachega, Aliya Naheed, Vinay Nangia, Nariman Nassiri, John N. Newton, Marie Ng, Quyen Le Nguyen, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie Pete, Ole F. Norheim, Rosana E. Norman, Bo Norrving, Luke Nyakarahuka, Carla Makhlouf Obermeyer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, In Hwan Oh, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Pedro R. Olivares, Helen Olsen, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Ricardo Orozco, Alberto Ortiz, Erika Ota, Mahesh PA, Adrian Pana, Eun Kee Park, Charles D. Parry, Mahboubeh Parsaeian, Tejas Patel, Angel J Paternina Caicedo, Snehal T. Patil, Scott B. Patten, George C. Patton, Neil Pearce, David M. Pereira, Norberto Perico, Konrad Pesudovs, Max Petzold, Michael Robert Phillips, Frédéric B. Piel, Julian David Pillay, Dietrich Plass, Suzanne Polinder, Constance D. Pond, C. Arden Pope, Daniel Pope, Svetlana Popova, Richie G. Poulton, Farshad Pourmalek, Noela M. Prasad, Mostafa Qorbani, Rynaz H S Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Anwar Rafay, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Sasa Rajsic, Murugesan Raju, Usha Ram, Saleem M. Rana, Kavitha Ranganathan, Puja Rao, Christian Aspacia Razo García, Amany H. Refaat, Colin D. Rehm, Jürgen Rehm, Nikolas Reinig, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Serge Resnikoff, Antonio L. Ribeiro, Juan A. Rivera, Hirbo Shore Roba, Alina Rodriguez, Sonia Rodriguez-Ramirez, David Rojas-Rueda, Yesenia Roman, Luca Ronfani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Ambuj Roy, Muhammad Muhammad Saleh, Juan R. Sanabria, Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño, Tania G. Sánchez-Pimienta, Logan Sandar, Damian F. Santomauro, Itamar S. Santos, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Miloje Savic, Monika Sawhney, Josef Schmidhuber, Maria Inês Schmidt, Ione J C Schneider, Ben Schöttker, Aletta E. Schutte, David C. Schwebel, James G. Scott, Soraya Seedat, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Edson E. Servan-Mori, Amira Shaheen, Saeid Shahraz, Masood Ali Shaikh, Teresa Shamah Levy, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin Shen, Kevin N. Sheth, Peilin Shi, Kenji Shibuya, Mika Shigematsu, Min Jeong Shin, Rahman Shiri, Kawkab Shishani, Ivy Shiue, Mark G. Shrime, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Jonathan I. Silverberg, Edgar P. Simard, Shireen Sindi, Abhishek Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Prashant Kumar Singh, Erica Leigh Slepak, Michael Soljak, Samir Soneji, Reed J D Sorensen, Luciano A. Sposato, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Nadine Steckling, Nicholas Steel, Dan J. Stein, Murray B. Stein, Heidi Stöckl, Saverio Stranges, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Bruno F. Sunguya, Soumya Swaminathan, Bryan L. Sykes, Cassandra E I Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Ken Takahashi, Roberto Tchio Talongwa, Nikhil Tandon, David Tanne, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Belaynew Wasie Taye, Hugh R. Taylor, Bemnet Amare Tedla, Worku Mekonnen Tefera, Teketo Kassaw Tegegne, Dejen Yemane Tekle, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, J. S. Thakur, Bernadette A. Thomas, Matthew Lloyd Thomas, Alan J. Thomson, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Amanda G. Thrift, George D. Thurston, Taavi Tillmann, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Myriam Tobollik, Roman Topor-Madry, Fotis Topouzis, Jeffrey Allen Towbin, Bach Xuan Tran, Zacharie Tsala Dimbuene, Nikolaos Tsilimparis, Abera Kenay Tura, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Chigozie Jesse Uneke, Olalekan A. Uthman, Aaron van Donkelaar, Jim van Os, Yuri Y. Varakin, Tommi Vasankari, J. Lennert Veerman, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Francesco S. Violante, Stein Emil Vollset, Gregory R. Wagner, Stephen G. Waller, Jian Li Wang, Linhong Wang, Yanping Wang, Scott Weichenthal, Elisabete Weiderpass, Robert G. Weintraub, Andrea Werdecker, Ronny Westerman, Harvey A. Whiteford, Tissa Wijeratne, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Charles D A Wolfe, Sungho Won, Anthony D. Woolf, Mamo Wubshet, Denis Xavier, Gelin Xu, Ajit Kumar Yadav, Bereket Yakob, Ayalnesh Zemene Yalew, Yuichiro Yano, Mehdi Yaseri, Pengpeng Ye, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Seok Jun Yoon, Mustafa Z. Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Zoubida Zaidi, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Jun Zhu, Ben Zipkin, Sanjay Zodpey, Liesl Joanna Zuhlke, Christopher J L Murray

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