Helminth parasites infecting feral pigeons (Columba livia) in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates

Introduction: Columba livia, the common pigeon, is the most abundant free-ranging avian species in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Despite the pigeon's ecological prominence, data on helminth parasites infecting this host remain undocumented in the region. This investigation examined helminth infections in both wild and domestic pigeon populations in the city of Al Ain to establish baseline parasitological records. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional survey conducted between August 2023 and October 2024 analysed 100 adult pigeons obtained through trapping and local market acquisition. The helminth parasites recovered were morphologically identified, and parasitological indicators were determined including infection prevalence and intensity. Results: Helminths were detected in 69% of examined birds, with a mean infection intensity of 6.4 parasites per host. Seven helminth species were identified: three cestodes (Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona and Cotugnia digonopora), three nematodes (Ascaridia galli, Dispharagus nasutus and Gongylonema sp.), and one trematode (Brachylaima sp.). Raillietina echinobothrida (57%) and C. digonopora (21%) were the most prevalent. Key epidemiological findings showed male pigeons had significantly higher infection intensity (5.1 vs 3.5 parasites/bird) than females, though prevalence differences were not significant (71.4% vs 65.9%). Crucially, feral pigeons exhibited a dramatically higher infection prevalence (92%) than domestic pigeons (46%). However, infection intensity differences between feral (2.7) and domestic (2.3) birds were not significant. Conclusion: As the first helminthological assessment of UAE pigeons, this study documents seven new regional parasite records and underscores the need for continued surveillance to assess potential zoonotic and ecological risks in urban ecosystems.