TY - JOUR
T1 - Host-pathogen interaction in arthropod vectors
T2 - Lessons from viral infections
AU - Perveen, Nighat
AU - Muhammad, Khalid
AU - Muzaffar, Sabir Bin
AU - Zaheer, Tean
AU - Munawar, Nayla
AU - Gajic, Bojan
AU - Sparagano, Olivier Andre
AU - Kishore, Uday
AU - Willingham, Arve Lee
N1 - Funding Information:
The funding of this study was provided by the UAE University through UPAR Grant # G00003709 to AW. Acknowledgments
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2023 Perveen, Muhammad, Muzaffar, Zaheer, Munawar, Gajic, Sparagano, Kishore and Willingham.
PY - 2023/1/31
Y1 - 2023/1/31
N2 - Haematophagous arthropods can harbor various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and nematodes. Insects possess an innate immune system comprising of both cellular and humoral components to fight against various infections. Haemocytes, the cellular components of haemolymph, are central to the insect immune system as their primary functions include phagocytosis, encapsulation, coagulation, detoxification, and storage and distribution of nutritive materials. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes are also involved in cellular defense responses. Blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, can harbour a variety of viral pathogens that can cause infectious diseases in both human and animal hosts. Therefore, it is imperative to study the virus-vector-host relationships since arthropod vectors are important constituents of the ecosystem. Regardless of the complex immune response of these arthropod vectors, the viruses usually manage to survive and are transmitted to the eventual host. A multidisciplinary approach utilizing novel and strategic interventions is required to control ectoparasite infestations and block vector-borne transmission of viral pathogens to humans and animals. In this review, we discuss the arthropod immune response to viral infections with a primary focus on the innate immune responses of ticks and mosquitoes. We aim to summarize critically the vector immune system and their infection transmission strategies to mammalian hosts to foster debate that could help in developing new therapeutic strategies to protect human and animal hosts against arthropod-borne viral infections.
AB - Haematophagous arthropods can harbor various pathogens including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and nematodes. Insects possess an innate immune system comprising of both cellular and humoral components to fight against various infections. Haemocytes, the cellular components of haemolymph, are central to the insect immune system as their primary functions include phagocytosis, encapsulation, coagulation, detoxification, and storage and distribution of nutritive materials. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes are also involved in cellular defense responses. Blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks, can harbour a variety of viral pathogens that can cause infectious diseases in both human and animal hosts. Therefore, it is imperative to study the virus-vector-host relationships since arthropod vectors are important constituents of the ecosystem. Regardless of the complex immune response of these arthropod vectors, the viruses usually manage to survive and are transmitted to the eventual host. A multidisciplinary approach utilizing novel and strategic interventions is required to control ectoparasite infestations and block vector-borne transmission of viral pathogens to humans and animals. In this review, we discuss the arthropod immune response to viral infections with a primary focus on the innate immune responses of ticks and mosquitoes. We aim to summarize critically the vector immune system and their infection transmission strategies to mammalian hosts to foster debate that could help in developing new therapeutic strategies to protect human and animal hosts against arthropod-borne viral infections.
KW - antiviral defense
KW - haemocoel
KW - haemocytes
KW - immune system
KW - innate immunity
KW - virus circulation
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85148374522&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1061899
DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1061899
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36817439
AN - SCOPUS:85148374522
SN - 1664-3224
VL - 14
JO - Frontiers in immunology
JF - Frontiers in immunology
M1 - 1061899
ER -