Knowledge, tracking, a bell here and a whistle there: Response to Ramachandran

Ramachandran (2015) has offered a new tracking analysis of knowledge which avoids the main difficulties afflicting the original tracking analyses of Dretske (1971) and Nozick (1981). This paper examines various problem cases for the analysis. We show that modifications can be made to handle most of the cases. But even when the bells and whistles we suggest are in place, counterexamples remain.The first section describes Ramachandran's analysis and its many advantages. The next section shows that, as stated, the analysans fails to be necessary. The third section raises a problem for one of the analysis's two sufficiency conditions, while the fourth raises a problem for the other sufficiency condition. The fifth section draws conclusions.