Language and cognitive deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Stress and diversity in intellectual disability studies

Introduction: Since attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are typically seen as disorders with early onset, the majority of research has placed a strong emphasis on those children.Aim: The aim of this study was to present the main cognitive and linguistic characteristics of children in the case of ASD and ADHD, considering their heterogeneity.Method: The literature review in digital and conventional databases was used and the literature research took place from June 2022 until November 2022.Results: The results of this study showed that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that shows cognitive and language deficits. People with ADHD more often show comorbidity with other developmental disorders and the main deficits focus on all levels of language (language, reading, written expression, pragmatics).Conclusions:To conclude, it is necessary to make a diagnosis as early as possible, and indeed a differential diagnosis, because due to the great heterogeneity of ADHD and its comorbidity with other neurodevelopmental and mental disorders, such as autism, anxiety disorder, antipsychotic challenging disorder but also learning difficulties, the diagnosis becomes particularly difficult and may cause confusion.