LEDs as energy efficient light bulbs: A bibliographical survey

Lighting accounts for roughly one-fifth of all global electricity consumption, yet the major share of this energy is emitted not as light but as radiated heat from inefficient bulbs. Compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) were the initial substitute for incandescent bulbs. But due to certain characteristics of CFLs, light emitting diodes (LEDs) will be used dramatically in the next few years because of its low energy consumption and long life. This paper presents a survey of literature on the light (LEDs) as energy efficient light bulbs due to their high efficiency. The literature shows an increasing interest in this subject for the last decade, where the enhancement of LED lighting systems using various controllers has been widely investigated. Several technical issues related to thermal properties and LED array configurations have been highlighted. Moreover, some of the current challenges in LED bulb technology have been summarized.