Lepidium sativum sprouts grown under elevated CO₂ hyperaccumulate glucosinolates and antioxidants and exhibit enhanced biological and reduced antinutritional properties

The nutritional and health-promoting properties of plants are largely determined by their tissue chemistry. Tuning growth conditions could affect the accumulation of phytochemicals and, therefore, enhance the biological activities. Herein, the impact of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂; 620 µmol CO₂ mol⁻¹ air) on growth and chemical composition of sprouts of three Lepidium sativum cultivars (Haraz, Khider and Rajab) was investigated. Changes in the sprout actions against some human chronic diseases were evaluated. eCO₂ induced biomass accumulation (1.46-, 1.47-and 2-fold in Haraz, Khider and Rajab, respectively) and pigment accumulation and reduced the level of antinutri-ents in L. sativum cultivars. Compared to the control, eCO₂ induced total glucosinolate accumulation (0.40-, 0.90-and 1.29-fold in Khider, Haraz and Rajab, respectively), possibly through increased amino acid production, and their hydrolysis by myrosinase. In line with increased polyphenol production, improved phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was observed. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, antibacterial and anticancer activities of the produced sprouts were significantly improved by sprouting and eCO₂ exposure. PCA indicated that the cultivars showed interspecific responses. Thus, the present study confirms the synergistic effect of sprouting with eCO₂ exposure as a promising approach to produce more bioactive L. sativum sprouts.