New eco-friendly trends to produce biofuel and bioenergy from microorganisms: An updated review

It is critical to ensure the safe disposal of organic residues, especially because the accumulation of organic wastes contributes to environmental contamination; spread of diseases, unpleasant odors; and the release of ammonia and other dangerous gases in the environment. Consequently, researchers are considering various direct organic waste applications, including biotechnological applications with ecological and economical benefits such as the limitation of fossil fuel usage, lowering harmful emissions, boosting the synthesis of cost-effective raw materials, and establishing a suitable platform for a diversity of microorganisms. Biotechnology has produced sustainable bioenergy (biogas, biodiesel, bioethanol, and biobutanol), which is an appealing solution for the disposal of organic materials. Carbohydrates are the main component of the organic fraction, and the bulk of these polymers are easily degradable by microorganisms. Taking random samples from soils exposed to organic wastes, purifying the microbial isolates, and evaluating the microbes’ capabilities to identify the most useful strain are all part of the isolation process. As a result, this current review focuses on isolated strains of various microorganisms that may use one or more types of organic wastes as the sole carbon source, and to manufacture biofuel as a product from various residues.