TY - JOUR
T1 - Novel urinary alkylresorcinol metabolites as biomarkers of whole grain intake in free-living Swedish adults
AU - Wierzbicka, Roksana
AU - Zamaratskaia, Galia
AU - Kamal-Eldin, Afaf
AU - Landberg, Rikard
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
PY - 2017/7
Y1 - 2017/7
N2 - Scope: Most studies on the role of whole grain for health rely on self-reported intake data, which are prone to measurement errors. There is a need for dietary biomarkers that can provide an objective measure of intake. Alkylresorcinols (AR) and their main metabolites 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid (DHPPA) have been proposed as biomarkers for whole grain (WG) wheat and rye intake. Methods and results: The medium-term reproducibility and relative validity of four putative urinary AR metabolites (3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid (DHCA), 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) pentanoic acid (DHPPTA), 2-(3,5-dihydroxybenzamido)acetic acid (DHBA-glycine) and 3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid amide (DHCA-amide)) as biomarkers for WG intake were investigated. Three-day weighed food records and 24-h urine samples from two occasions 2–3 months apart were obtained from 69 Swedish adults. WG intake was calculated and urinary AR metabolites were analyzed. The medium-term reproducibility determined for DHCA, DHPPTA, and DHBA-glycine varied from moderate-to-excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.63–0.85). Moreover, DHCA and DHPPTA excretion correlated well with self-reported total WG intake (r = 0.55, p < 0.001 and r = 0.42, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: DHCA or DHPPTA excretion in 24-h urine might be a suitable medium- to long-term biomarker of WG wheat and rye intake. These findings need to be confirmed in populations with low and infrequent WG intake.
AB - Scope: Most studies on the role of whole grain for health rely on self-reported intake data, which are prone to measurement errors. There is a need for dietary biomarkers that can provide an objective measure of intake. Alkylresorcinols (AR) and their main metabolites 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid (DHPPA) have been proposed as biomarkers for whole grain (WG) wheat and rye intake. Methods and results: The medium-term reproducibility and relative validity of four putative urinary AR metabolites (3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid (DHCA), 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) pentanoic acid (DHPPTA), 2-(3,5-dihydroxybenzamido)acetic acid (DHBA-glycine) and 3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid amide (DHCA-amide)) as biomarkers for WG intake were investigated. Three-day weighed food records and 24-h urine samples from two occasions 2–3 months apart were obtained from 69 Swedish adults. WG intake was calculated and urinary AR metabolites were analyzed. The medium-term reproducibility determined for DHCA, DHPPTA, and DHBA-glycine varied from moderate-to-excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.63–0.85). Moreover, DHCA and DHPPTA excretion correlated well with self-reported total WG intake (r = 0.55, p < 0.001 and r = 0.42, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: DHCA or DHPPTA excretion in 24-h urine might be a suitable medium- to long-term biomarker of WG wheat and rye intake. These findings need to be confirmed in populations with low and infrequent WG intake.
KW - Alkylresorcinols
KW - Alkylresorcinols metabolites
KW - Biomarkers
KW - Reproducibility
KW - Validity
KW - Whole grain intake
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U2 - 10.1002/mnfr.201700015
DO - 10.1002/mnfr.201700015
M3 - Article
C2 - 28444884
AN - SCOPUS:85021722193
SN - 1613-4125
VL - 61
JO - Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
JF - Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
IS - 7
M1 - 1700015
ER -