TY - JOUR
T1 - Novel urinary alkylresorcinol metabolites as biomarkers of whole grain intake in free-living Swedish adults
AU - Wierzbicka, Roksana
AU - Zamaratskaia, Galia
AU - Kamal-Eldin, Afaf
AU - Landberg, Rikard
N1 - Funding Information:
R.W. has carried out analytical work and drafter the manuscript, G.Z. conducted statistical analysis of data and updated the manuscript, A.K.-E. has supervised the interpretation and manuscript writing, R.L. the principal investigator of the study, conceived, designed, and conducted the human study, and supervised data interpretation and manuscript writing. All authors read and approved the final iteration of the paper. The authors thank Janicka Nilsson for her skilled assistance with analytical part. The study was supported by FORMAS: The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
PY - 2017/7
Y1 - 2017/7
N2 - Scope: Most studies on the role of whole grain for health rely on self-reported intake data, which are prone to measurement errors. There is a need for dietary biomarkers that can provide an objective measure of intake. Alkylresorcinols (AR) and their main metabolites 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid (DHPPA) have been proposed as biomarkers for whole grain (WG) wheat and rye intake. Methods and results: The medium-term reproducibility and relative validity of four putative urinary AR metabolites (3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid (DHCA), 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) pentanoic acid (DHPPTA), 2-(3,5-dihydroxybenzamido)acetic acid (DHBA-glycine) and 3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid amide (DHCA-amide)) as biomarkers for WG intake were investigated. Three-day weighed food records and 24-h urine samples from two occasions 2–3 months apart were obtained from 69 Swedish adults. WG intake was calculated and urinary AR metabolites were analyzed. The medium-term reproducibility determined for DHCA, DHPPTA, and DHBA-glycine varied from moderate-to-excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.63–0.85). Moreover, DHCA and DHPPTA excretion correlated well with self-reported total WG intake (r = 0.55, p < 0.001 and r = 0.42, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: DHCA or DHPPTA excretion in 24-h urine might be a suitable medium- to long-term biomarker of WG wheat and rye intake. These findings need to be confirmed in populations with low and infrequent WG intake.
AB - Scope: Most studies on the role of whole grain for health rely on self-reported intake data, which are prone to measurement errors. There is a need for dietary biomarkers that can provide an objective measure of intake. Alkylresorcinols (AR) and their main metabolites 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid (DHPPA) have been proposed as biomarkers for whole grain (WG) wheat and rye intake. Methods and results: The medium-term reproducibility and relative validity of four putative urinary AR metabolites (3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid (DHCA), 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) pentanoic acid (DHPPTA), 2-(3,5-dihydroxybenzamido)acetic acid (DHBA-glycine) and 3,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid amide (DHCA-amide)) as biomarkers for WG intake were investigated. Three-day weighed food records and 24-h urine samples from two occasions 2–3 months apart were obtained from 69 Swedish adults. WG intake was calculated and urinary AR metabolites were analyzed. The medium-term reproducibility determined for DHCA, DHPPTA, and DHBA-glycine varied from moderate-to-excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.63–0.85). Moreover, DHCA and DHPPTA excretion correlated well with self-reported total WG intake (r = 0.55, p < 0.001 and r = 0.42, p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: DHCA or DHPPTA excretion in 24-h urine might be a suitable medium- to long-term biomarker of WG wheat and rye intake. These findings need to be confirmed in populations with low and infrequent WG intake.
KW - Alkylresorcinols
KW - Alkylresorcinols metabolites
KW - Biomarkers
KW - Reproducibility
KW - Validity
KW - Whole grain intake
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U2 - 10.1002/mnfr.201700015
DO - 10.1002/mnfr.201700015
M3 - Article
C2 - 28444884
AN - SCOPUS:85021722193
SN - 1613-4125
VL - 61
JO - Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
JF - Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
IS - 7
M1 - 1700015
ER -