Numerical study of Marangoni convective hybrid-nanofluids flow over a permeable stretching surface

This paper is discussing nanofluid flow with effect of radiation along a stretching sheet in a porous means. Also, magnetic field is applied uniformly. The hybrid nanofluid is blend of base fluid kerosine oil and suspending particles of Copper Aluminum Oxide (Cu − Al₂O₃). The Marangoni boundary condition is considered. The flow considered is mathematically modeled with suitable boundary conditions in partial differential equations. Similarity transformations applied and followed numerical computations with Runge–Kutta method of order 4th aided by shooting approach. The graphs for different flow control parameters plotted and analytical study carried with illustration of temperature and velocity fields. Heat transfer rate for hybrid-nanofluid falls with increasing Mass transfer, Wall parameter (f_w)and Prandtl Number (Pr), and the reversed effect for same is seen for higher Radiation parameter values (R). The current study's relevance has numerous applications in the key fields of materials processing, industrial thermal control, and heat transfer optimization in energy-efficient systems.