Recent developments in numerical simulation techniques of thermal recovery processes

Numerical simulation of thermal processes (steamflooding, cyclic steam stimulation, SAGD, in-situ combustion, electrical heating, etc.) is an integral part of a thermal project design. The general tendency in the last ten years has been to use commercial simulators. During the last decade, only a few new models have been reported in the literature. More work has been done to modify and refine solutions to existing problems to improve the efficiency of simulators. The paper discusses some of the recent developments in simulation techniques of thermal processes such as grid refinement, grid-orientation, effects of temperature on relative permeability, mathematical models, and solution methods. The various aspects of simulation discussed here will promote better understanding of the problems encountered in the simulation of thermal processes and will be of value to both simulator users and developers.