TY - JOUR
T1 - Simulation of THM species in water distribution systems
AU - Elshorbagy, Walid E.
AU - Abu Qdais, Hani
AU - Elsheamy, Mohammed K.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Scientific Research Council of the United Arab Emirates University. The authors are grateful to the Water and Electricity Department of Abu-Dhabi and the central laboratory of the UAE Agricultural Ministry in Alain for their great cooperation and support.
PY - 2000/9/1
Y1 - 2000/9/1
N2 - The Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments (SDWAA) may poentially limit each individual species of THM compounds in water distribution systems since the health risks associated with these species are not alike. A new approach to characterize and model the kinetics of THM species using nonlinear optimization was introduced in an earlier study. The approach combines site-specific water quality trends with stoichiometric expressions based on an average representative bromine content factor of the source. This paper incorporates the proposed kinetic approach in a full-dynamic water quality transport model. The model is capable of modeling chlorine, total THM, and the four THM species in water distribution systems subjected to different varying loading conditions. The model has been tested and verified by application to a portion of the Abu-Dhabi distribution system in the United Arab Emirates. High levels of bromoform and bromine incorporation factors were reported throughout the system. The quality trends of the bromide-rich desalinated water at the source were transmitted to different locations in the network using the proposed modeling approach. Overall agreement between the modeled and measured concentrations was reported. However, deviations at distant locations from the source indicate the degradation in the bromine incorporation factor under dynamic conditions and an increased tendency of the brominated THM compounds to hydrolyze. The model represents a useful and robust numerical tool to water utilities attempting to verify the SDWAA potential regulations regarding the THM species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
AB - The Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments (SDWAA) may poentially limit each individual species of THM compounds in water distribution systems since the health risks associated with these species are not alike. A new approach to characterize and model the kinetics of THM species using nonlinear optimization was introduced in an earlier study. The approach combines site-specific water quality trends with stoichiometric expressions based on an average representative bromine content factor of the source. This paper incorporates the proposed kinetic approach in a full-dynamic water quality transport model. The model is capable of modeling chlorine, total THM, and the four THM species in water distribution systems subjected to different varying loading conditions. The model has been tested and verified by application to a portion of the Abu-Dhabi distribution system in the United Arab Emirates. High levels of bromoform and bromine incorporation factors were reported throughout the system. The quality trends of the bromide-rich desalinated water at the source were transmitted to different locations in the network using the proposed modeling approach. Overall agreement between the modeled and measured concentrations was reported. However, deviations at distant locations from the source indicate the degradation in the bromine incorporation factor under dynamic conditions and an increased tendency of the brominated THM compounds to hydrolyze. The model represents a useful and robust numerical tool to water utilities attempting to verify the SDWAA potential regulations regarding the THM species. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
KW - Bromine content factor
KW - Quality modeling
KW - Trihalomethane species
KW - Water distribution systems
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U2 - 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00231-1
DO - 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00231-1
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:0034284934
SN - 0043-1354
VL - 34
SP - 3431
EP - 3439
JO - Water Research
JF - Water Research
IS - 13
ER -