Synthesis and evaluation of Jatropha oil-based emulsified acids for matrix acidizing of carbonate rocks

Matrix-acidizing operations have been accounted to be the most hazardous and environmentally harmful among all the well-stimulation techniques. For instance, diesel oil-based emulsified acids have been prohibited from usage due to their high level of toxicity. There is, therefore, a dire need for emulsified acids that are environmentally viable and technically competent to replace the diesel-based emulsified acids. In this study, a novel oil-based environmental friendly emulsified acid has been synthesized from Jatropha curcas oil and, then, compared against diesel and palm oil-based emulsified acids. The technical evaluation of the three acids has been done based on experimental results obtained from thermal stability, droplet size analysis, rheological study, acid solubility, and toxicity screening. In addition, core flooding experiments have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the three emulsified acids as well stimulants. The results revealed that Jatropha oil-based emulsified acid has the potential to replace diesel-based emulsified acid. Jatropha oil-based emulsified acid was found to perform better than the diesel-based emulsified acid as indicated by having greater thermal stability and more popular rheological properties at varying temperatures of ambient, 50 and 70 °C. Furthermore, it possessed a lower toxicity load and a higher retardation effect on acid solubility than that of the diesel oil-based emulsified acid. The core flooding results have also indicated better well-stimulation performance of Jatropha-based emulsified acid as compared with diesel-based emulsified acids.