Synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activities examination of tri-organotin (IV) complexes derived from cephalexin schiff base

This study details the synthesis, characterization, and anticancer assessment of novel tri-organotin (IV) complexes derived from a cephalexin Schiff base ligand. The Schiff base and its tri-organotin complexes were examined via different techniques, namely Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H,¹³C,¹¹⁹Sn-NMR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis. The anticancer efficacy of the prepared complexes was evaluated against the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The test was conducted via the utilization of an MTT assay to ascertain cytotoxicity and compute the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). The findings demonstrate that both tri-phenyl and tri-butyl organotin (IV) complexes possess notable anticancer efficacy, presumably attributable to their capacity to induce apoptosis through interactions with DNA and phospholipid metabolism. Structural and morphological analyses indicated that the coordination geometry and ligand characteristics affected the biological activity of the synthesized compounds. Hence, our findings show the potential of organotin (IV) complexes as viable candidates for anticancer drug development.