TY - JOUR
T1 - The secretion of toxins and other exoproteins of cronobacter
T2 - Role in virulence, adaption, and persistence
AU - Jang, Hyein
AU - Gopinath, Gopal R.
AU - Eshwar, Athmanya
AU - Srikumar, Shabarinath
AU - Nguyen, Scott
AU - Gangiredla, Jayanthi
AU - Patel, Isha R.
AU - Finkelstein, Samantha B.
AU - Negrete, Flavia
AU - Woo, Jung Ha
AU - Lee, You Young
AU - Fanning, Séamus
AU - Stephan, Roger
AU - Tall, Ben D.
AU - Lehner, Angelika
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was internally funded through U.S. FDA appropriations, and in part by the University of Maryland JIFSAN Program through a cooperative agreement with the FDA (no. FDU001418). Acknowledgments: We thank the student internship programs sponsored by the Office of International Affairs of Gachon University, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea for supporting student interns, JungHa Woo and YouYoung Lee. We thank the University of Maryland, Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN) for supporting JIFSAN interns, Samantha Finkelstein and Flavia Negrete. We also thank the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee for sponsoring research fellow Hyein Jang.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2020/2
Y1 - 2020/2
N2 - Cronobacter species are considered an opportunistic group of foodborne pathogenic bacteria capable of causing both intestinal and systemic human disease. This review describes common virulence themes shared among the seven Cronobacter species and describes multiple exoproteins secreted by Cronobacter, many of which are bacterial toxins that may play a role in human disease. The review will particularly concentrate on the virulence factors secreted by C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis, which are the primary human pathogens of interest. It has been discovered that various species-specific virulence factors adversely affect a wide range of eukaryotic cell processes including protein synthesis, cell division, and ion secretion. Many of these factors are toxins which have been shown to also modulate the host immune response. These factors are encoded on a variety of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons; this genomic plasticity implies ongoing re-assortment of virulence factor genes which has complicated our efforts to categorize Cronobacter into sharply defined genomic pathotypes.
AB - Cronobacter species are considered an opportunistic group of foodborne pathogenic bacteria capable of causing both intestinal and systemic human disease. This review describes common virulence themes shared among the seven Cronobacter species and describes multiple exoproteins secreted by Cronobacter, many of which are bacterial toxins that may play a role in human disease. The review will particularly concentrate on the virulence factors secreted by C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis, which are the primary human pathogens of interest. It has been discovered that various species-specific virulence factors adversely affect a wide range of eukaryotic cell processes including protein synthesis, cell division, and ion secretion. Many of these factors are toxins which have been shown to also modulate the host immune response. These factors are encoded on a variety of mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons; this genomic plasticity implies ongoing re-assortment of virulence factor genes which has complicated our efforts to categorize Cronobacter into sharply defined genomic pathotypes.
KW - Adherence factors
KW - Efflux pumps
KW - Iron transport
KW - Osmotic stress response
KW - Outer membrane proteins
KW - Plasmids
KW - Protein secretion systems
KW - Quorum sensing systems
KW - Virulence factors
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U2 - 10.3390/microorganisms8020229
DO - 10.3390/microorganisms8020229
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85079481079
SN - 2076-2607
VL - 8
JO - Microorganisms
JF - Microorganisms
IS - 2
M1 - 229
ER -